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Weight of Baby at 1 Year 3 Months

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Weight of a man baby at nativity

Infant weighed as appropriate for gestational age.

Birth weight is the body weight of a baby at its birth.[i] The average nascence weight in babies of European descent is 3.v kilograms (7.seven lb), with the normative range between 2.5 and 4.v kilograms (5.five and nine.9 lb). On average, babies of South Asian and Chinese descent weigh almost 3.26 kilograms (vii.2 lb).[2] [3] The birth weight of a baby is notable because infants with a very low birth weight are 100 times more likely to die compared to normal nascency weight babies.[4] As far as depression birth weight prevalence rates changing over time, in that location has been a slight decrease from vii.9% (1970) to half dozen.8% (1980), and then a slight increment to eight.3% (2006), to the current levels of 8.ii% (2016).[4] [v] The prevalence of low nascence weights has trended slightly up from 2012 to the present.[half dozen]

In that location accept been numerous studies that take attempted, with varying degrees of success, to show links between nascency weight and later-life conditions, including diabetes, obesity, tobacco smoking, and intelligence. Low nativity weight is associated with neonatal infection and infant mortality.

Abnormalities [edit]

  • A low birth weight tin exist acquired either by a preterm birth (low gestational age at nascency) or of the baby being small for gestational age (slow prenatal growth rate), or a combination of both.[7] Potential causes of depression birth weight can also be cause by health issues in the person giving birth, genetic factors, or problems in the placenta.[8]
  • A very large birth weight is usually acquired by the infant having been large for gestational age. Infants that are large for gestational age have been associated with significantly higher rates of neonatal morbidity.[9]

Determinants [edit]

Genetics [edit]

There are ii genetic loci that take been strongly linked to nativity weight, ADCY5 and CCNL1, as well four that bear witness some evidence (CDKAL1, HHEX-IDE, GCK, and TCF7L2).[x] [11] [12] The heritability of birth weight ranges from 25-40 %.[13] [xiv] There is a complex relationship between a baby's genes and the maternal environment that the child is developing in. Foetal genes influence how the fetus grows in utero, and the maternal genes influence how the surround affects the growing fetus.[11]

Maternal health [edit]

The health of the mother during the pregnancy can affect birth weight. A pre-existing illness or acquired disease in pregnancy is sometimes associated with decreased birth weight. For example, celiac disease confers an odds ratio of depression birth weight of approximately 1.8.[fifteen] Certain medications (e.g. for high claret pressure level or epilepsy) can put a female parent at a college gamble for delivering a depression birth weight babe.[7] Women younger than fifteen or older than 35 are at a higher risk to take a low-birth weight baby.[7] [16] Multiple births, where a mother has more than one child at ane fourth dimension, can also be a determinant in birth weight as each baby is likely to be exterior the AGA (advisable for gestational age). Multiple births put children at a higher rate to take low birth weight (56.6%) compared to children born in a unmarried birth ( half-dozen.2%).[four] Low nascence weight can also vary by maternal age. In 2008 the rate of low nascency weight was the highest in babies born to women younger than 15 years old (12.iv%).[xvi] Women aged 40–54 had a rate of low birth weight at xi.viii percent. The lowest rates of low birth weight happened among babies whose mothers were between the ages of 25–29 years (4.4%) and xxx–34 years (vii.6%).[xvi]

Stress [edit]

Stressful events have been demonstrated to produce meaning furnishings on nativity weight. Those mothers who have stressful events during pregnancy, specially during the first and second trimester, are at higher risk to deliver low-birth weight babies.[17] [eighteen] Researchers furthered this report and found that maternal stressful events that occur prior to formulation take a negative bear upon on birth weight every bit well, and tin can consequence in a higher risk for preterm and lower birth weight babies.[xix] [20] [21] Women who experienced abuse (physical, sexual, or emotional) during pregnancy are also at increased chance of delivering a low-birth weight infant.[22] For example, in a study completed by Witt et. al, those women who experienced a stressful consequence (ie. death of shut family member, infertility issues, separation from partner) prior to formulation had 38% more of a chance to have a very depression nascency weight baby compared to those who had non experienced a stressful life issue.[19] The theory is that stress can bear on a baby based on ii dissimilar mechanisms: neuroendocrine pathway or immune/inflammatory pathway.[23] [24] Stress causes the body to produce stress hormones called glucocorticoids that can suppress the immune organization., as well equally raises levels of placental corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) which can atomic number 82 to preterm labor.[25] [24] These findings can pose evidence for future prevention efforts for low birth weight babies. One way to subtract rates of low birth weight and premature commitment is to focus on the health of women prior to conception through reproductive education, screening and counseling regarding mental health issues and stress, and access to chief care.[26]

Racial stress [edit]

Non-Hispanic Blacks take the highest infant mortality rate in the United States (11.4 deaths per 1,000 live births compared to the national average of v.nine deaths per 1,000 live births).[27] Afterward, in that location has been growing research supporting the thought of racial discrimination as a adventure gene for low birth weight. In one report by Collins et. al, evidence suggested that African American mothers who experienced high levels of racial discrimination were at significantly higher risk of delivering a very low-nascency weight baby compared to African American mothers who had not experienced racial discrimination.[28] Black infants (13.2%) are more likely to have low nativity weight compared to Asian and Pacific Islander (8.1%), American Indian and Alaska Native (7.6%), Non-Hispanic White (7.0%), and Hispanic Infants (7.1%).[4]

Environmental factors [edit]

Environmental factors, including exposure of the mother to secondhand smoke[29] tin be a factor in determining the birth weight of child. In 2014, thirteen% of children exposed to smoke were born with low birth weight compared with 7.5% of those children born to nonsmokers.[4] Children born to mothers who smoked or were exposed to secondhand smoke are more than probable to develop health problems earlier in life such equally neurodevelopmental delays.[30] When mothers actively smoke during pregnancy, their child is at a higher risk of existence born with a low birth weight.[31] Smoking can likewise be a stress management tool used by expecting mothers.[32] There is some support for lower socioeconomic status of the parents beingness a determinant of low birth weight, but there is conflicting show, as socioeconomic status is tied to many other factors.[33] [34] [35]

Neonatal intendance [edit]

Most babies admitted to the NICU are born before 37 weeks of pregnancy or have low nascence weight which is less than 5.5 pounds.[36] They could likewise have a medical condition that requires special care. In the U.s.a. most half a meg babies are built-in preterm. Considering of this, many of these babies as well accept depression birth weights.[36] There are four levels of intendance in the neonatal care units. Intensive Care, Loftier Dependency Care, Low Dependency, and Transitional Intendance are the iv levels:[37]

  • Intensive Care: For babies with serious problems. This includes babies born three months early on and accept extremely low nativity weight.
  • High Dependency Care: For babies with less serious problem, but who still may non to exist looked afterward or babies that are recovering from a disquisitional illness.
  • Low Dependency Intendance: For babies that do not need a continuous supervision.
  • Transitional Intendance: For babies that withal need medical treatment, merely are well enough to exist called for at their mother's bedside.

Influence on the outset few years of life [edit]

Affiche from the Soviet Union encouraging mothers to weigh their babies every calendar week. (1930)

Children built-in with an abnormally low birth weight can take significant problems within the get-go few years of life. They may take trouble gaining weight, obtaining adequate nutrition, and supporting a stiff immune system. They also have higher risks for mortality, beliefs problems, and mental deficiencies.[33] Depression nascency weight babies are more than probable to develop the following conditions later on birth compared to normal birth weight babies:[7]

  • Breathing bug (infant respiratory distress syndrome)
  • Bleeding in the brain (intraventricular hemorrhage)
  • Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
  • Necrotizing enterocolitis
  • Retinopathy of prematurity
  • Jaundice
  • Infections

That said, the effects of low birth weight on a kid'south starting time few years of life are ofttimes intertwined with other maternal, environmental, and genetic factors and most effects of low nascence weight are only slightly negatively significant on a child's life when these factors are controlled for.[38] When these factors are controlled, the only pregnant effect low nascency weight has on a child's evolution is concrete growth in the early years and the likelihood of existence underweight compared to normal birth weight babies.[38]

Disability-adjusted life years out of 100,000 lost due to any cause in 2004.[39]

 no data

 less than 9,250

 9,250–16,000

 xvi,000–22,750

 22,750–29,500

 29,500–36,250

 36,250–43,000

 43,000–49,750

 49,750–56,500

 56,500–63,250

 63,250–70,000

 70,000–80,000

 more than eighty,000

Influence on developed life [edit]

Studies have been conducted to investigate how a person'due south nascency weight can influence aspects of their futurity life. This includes theorised links with obesity, diabetes and intelligence.

Obesity and diabetes [edit]

A baby born small or large for gestational historic period (either of the two extremes) is thought to have an increased take a chance of obesity in later life,[40] [41] but it was also shown that this relationship is fully explained by maternal weight.[42] Center aged adults with low birth weight present with a college chance of obesity and diabetes. Children that are born nether six pounds were 1.27 times more probable to develop diabetes compared to babies born at a good for you weight over six pounds.

Growth hormone (GH) therapy at a certain dose induced grab-up of lean torso mass (LBM). However percentage body fatty decreased in the GH-treated subjects. Bone mineral density SDS measured by DEXA increased significantly in the GH-treated grouping compared to the untreated subjects, though at that place is much fence over whether or not SGA (modest for gestational age) is significantly adverse to children to warrant inducing catch-up.[43] Babies that take a low birth weight are idea to have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes in afterward life.[44] [45] [46] [47] Depression birth weight is linked with increase rates of obesity, insulin resistance, and blazon ii diabetes and information technology is shown that children with the low birth weights have increased leptin levels subsequently they grab upwards growth during childhood.[48] Adiponectin levels are positively related with birth weight and BMI in babies with an increase of risk of type ii diabetes.[48] The leptin and adiponection mechanisms are withal beingness studied when involving low nativity weight.[48]

Around the world [edit]

There is much variation regarding nascence weight within continents, countries, and cities. Even though over twenty meg babies are born each year with low birth weight, it is hard to know the exact number as more than one-half of babies born in the globe are not weighed at birth.[49] The baby's weight is an indicator of the mother and baby's wellness. In 2013, 22 million newborns had low nascency weight, around 16 percentage of all babies globally.[50] Information on low birth weight is adapted to account for under reporting. Southward Asia has the highest rate of babies not weighed at birth with 66 per centum, but also have the highest low birth weight at 28 pct worldwide.[50] West and Primal Africa and least developed countries are next with fourteen pct depression birth weight worldwide.[50]

More than 96.5% of low birth weight babies are born in developing countries effectually the globe.[33] Considering low nativity weight babies can require more extensive intendance, it places a fiscal burden on communities.

Prevention [edit]

The World Health Organization (WHO) recently announced an initiative to accept a thirty percent reduction in low birth weight worldwide. This is public health priority, as nascence weight can take short and long term effects. WHO estimates that worldwide, 15-20 % of all births each year are considered depression birth weight, which is about 20 million births.[51]

The first of prenatal care is very important to help foreclose low birth weight and early medical issues. Going to regular doctor'south visits is very important for the health of the female parent and the baby. At the visits the OB/GYN will be checking maternal nutrition and weight proceeds because that is linked with the infant'due south weight gain. The mother having a salubrious diet is essential for the baby. Maintaining skilful nutrition by taking folic acid, which tin can be constitute in fruits and vegetables, is linked to the prevention of[52] [53] premature births and depression nascency weight. Booze, cigarettes, and drugs should also be avoided during pregnancy because they tin can besides lead to poor growth and other complications. By seeing the doc they are as well able to monitor pre-existing medical illnesses to make sure they are nether command during pregnancy. Mothers with high claret pressure and type ii diabetes are more likely to take infants with low birth weights.[54] One essential action to increase normal birth weights is to have affordable, accessible, and culturally sensitive prenatal care worldwide. This is essential not but for treating low nativity weight, but as well preventing it. Other prevention efforts include: smoking cessation programs, food-distribution systems, stress reduction and social service supports.[51]

See also [edit]

  • Infant mortality
  • Low nativity-weight paradox
  • MOMO syndrome
  • Prenatal nutrition
  • Thrifty phenotype

References [edit]

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Farther reading [edit]

  • Peleg D, Kennedy CM, Hunter SK (August 1998). "Intrauterine growth brake: identification and management". American Family Doctor. 58 (2): 453–60, 466–vii. PMID 9713399.
  • Jornayvaz FR, Vollenweider P, Bochud One thousand, Mooser V, Waeber Grand, Marques-Vidal P (May 2016). "Low nascency weight leads to obesity, diabetes and increased leptin levels in adults: the CoLaus study". Cardiovascular Diabetology. 15: 73. doi:10.1186/s12933-016-0389-2. PMC4855501. PMID 27141948.

External links [edit]

  • MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Intrauterine growth restriction
  • Fetal Growth Restriction at eMedicine

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_weight

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